Life in the Ocean an Example by

Life in the Ocean by Expert Prof Nelly | 07 Dec 2016 Question: Need article test on Life in the Ocean point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue What is picoplankton and for what reason is it significant in the biology of the sea? Answer: Microscopic fishes with cells that extend from 0.2 and 2.0 m are called picoplanktons. There are two sorts of picoplanktons relying upon their taking care of inclinations: the photosynthetic picoplankton and the heterotrophic picoplankton. The previous is the tiny fish that overwhelms the focal oligotrophic locales. These locales have scant gracefully of supplements. There are three significant gatherings under this sort: cyanobacteria (Synechococcus), cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus), and picoplanktonic eukaryotes. This tiny fish is significant since, beside the natural siphon that conveys supplements in the profundities, it orchestrates the accessible supplements to give supplements to different living beings in the region. The last kind of tiny fish, as its name recommends, is the sort of microscopic fish that don't perform photosynthesis. It tends to be either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Heterotrophic picoplanktons can be found on both seawater and freshwater conditions. These picoplanktons are significant in the carbon cycle since they feed on natural issue (for example squander items, bodies of dead animals) dropped into the profundities. These animals help in keeping up the tidiness in the sea floor. Question: Saltiness and osmotic equalization are firmly related. Examine how living beings make up for changes in saltiness when they move from the sea to an estuary, as happens with different types of shrimp and fish during their life cycle. Ans.: The blue crabs, shrimp, and lobsters, likewise called decapod scavangers, are a portion of the animal types wherein saltiness is a piece of their life cycle. Saltiness is significant in the guideline of inward particle centralization of the shellfish, decapods and fishes. On account of the blue crabs, more often than not, the grown-ups are found in the estuarine condition where there is a moderately low-saltiness water. Subsequent to mating, the female blue crab ventures into the more profound pieces of the sea to discharge the treated eggs. The grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris, likewise live in the low-saltiness water of the estuaries. The adjustments in the saltiness levels over the estuaries into the sea profundities are repaid by changes in the particle centralization of the species. Along these lines, the life forms can endure and finish their life cycle. During their larval stage, high saltiness restrains development of certain kinds of pathogenic living beings and intrusive species in this manner shrimps and different shellfish and fishes generally lay their eggs in high-saltiness waters, for example sea. The living beings at that point come back to the low-saltiness waters when they develop or arrive at ideal stage for endurance and culmination of the existence cycle. Question: How does the fossilization procedure occur in marine living beings? Go to the sites showed toward the finish of Supplemental Activity 3 of Chapter 21 in The Endless Voyage Study Guide, and answer the inquiry in a short way (not a report). Ans.: Fossil safeguarding of living beings relies on three key variables: sort of creature, condition, and occasions in the afterlife. In dry, acidic and tropical situations, bones are typically disintegrated at quicker rates while in the marine condition, there are factors (for example saltiness) that fill in as additives of the remaining parts therefore permitting conservation of the creatures subtleties after it kicks the bucket, called fossil. Fossilization in marine life forms is cultivated through quick sedimentation and nonattendance of procedure interference. At the point when the living being kicks the bucket, its remaining parts are immediately secured by sand or mud and some natural issue that slides from the sea surface to the pit. This will cover the remaining parts and as a result, it will be shielded from unsettling influences for thousands or even a huge number of years. The remaining parts won't be accessible for scroungers which are available in the open conditions inland. It will likewise be shielded from disintegration and washing ceaselessly just as breaking down microscopic organisms. The sedimentation procedure will proceed and after at some point, the encompassing residue will solidify into rocks, layers of rocks framed from silt and stays of the creature. Creatures subtleties possibly discarded in the process contingent upon the kind of rock and mineral stores that covered it. The most widely recognized sorts are calcite and aragonite (both type of calcium carbonate), quartz and silica. References: Thornton-Devictor, S. (2004). Changes to the Deep: Adaptations in Decapod Crustaceans for Life Along the 3130N Atlantic Transect. Recovered April 22, 2007, from http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/investigations/04etta/foundation/decapods/decapods.html#top Oram, J.J. (2005). Examples of Temperature, Salinity, and Suspended Particulate Material in San Francisco Estuary: Water Year 2005 in the Context of Previous Water Years. Recovered April 23, 2007, from http://www.sfei.org/rmp/2004to05/AMR_2004-2005_Ch7_Patterns.pdf Dinosaur Fossilization (n.d.). Recovered April 23, 2007, from http://www.dinoruss.org/de_4/5c60e6e.htm How Fossils Form (n.d.). Recovered April 23, 2007, from http://www.zoomschool.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinofossils/Fossilhow.html

Italy Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Italy Argumentative Essay Anthropologists and other social researchers characterize human culture as scholarly conduct obtained by people as individuals from a social gathering. The idea of culture was first unequivocally characterized in 1871 by the British anthropologist Edward B. Tylor. He utilized the term to allude to â€Å" that intricate entire which incorporates information, conviction, craftsmanship, ethics, law, custom and some other capacities and propensities obtained by man as an individual from society.† Since then anthropologists have offered various refinements and minor departure from this definition, however all have concurred that culture is found out conduct as opposed to hereditarily blessed conduct. From classical times to current occasions, Italy has assumed a focal job in world culture. Italians have contributed a portion of the world’s most respected model, design, painting, writing, and music, especially drama. Despite the fact that the country was politically bound tog ether under 150 years prior, the Italians don't believe themselves to be a â€Å"new† people, yet observe themselves rather as the relatives of the Ancient Romans. In addition, local contrasts continue in light of regular geological limits and the different social legacy that has descended from the Greeks, Etruscans, Arabs, Normans, and Lombards. Local contrasts is clear in tenacious neighborhood vernaculars, occasions, celebrations, tunes, and provincial food. Integral to all Italian life is the custom of family as the directing power and focal point of reliability. Numerous Sunday’s are gone through around the table with aunties, uncles and grandparents for an uncommon supper. In Italy the social structure of the country town was established on the family, whose interests and needs decided an individual’s perspectives towards chapel, state, and school. Every relative was required above all else to maintain family respect and to satisfy their folks specific obligations and duties. The dad was the mediator everything being equal and interests and kept up his power with exacting order. The mother, albeit subordinate, had a voice in family choices and ruminated between the dad and regularly various youngsters. Here in the United States the Italian-Americans despite everything have that solid feeling of family, yet now the ladies have more opportunity and are taken a gander at in an unexpected way, and furthermore the quantity of kids one family gains has step by step reduced to 2 to 3 kids. Home cooking is something Italians are particularly noted for. The primary supper, ordinarily at late morning, regularly starts with soup which may contain rice, pas ta, or greens; trailed by meat(chicken, veal , hamburger). An incessant constituent of the eating regimen is pasta, or in the less fortunate homes of south polenta ( a kind of porridge produced using maize). Albeit numerous Italians dishes later became American top choices, when the new century rolled over Italians who demanded eating macaroni and drinking wine were viewed as not yet American. Their conventional kitchen withstood Americanization, in any case, and the creation of or import from Italy of olive oil, spaghetti, artichokes and salami gave a significant piece of the local economy. Yet, in America the custom of eating for Italians is changed a piece. Here, we appear to have more wealth of food. We keep a similar custom of eating on Sundays at late morning, yet our eating regimen comprises of all the more swelling nourishments fundamentally spending the entire day eating. Stabilities of national ensemble for ladies are skirts, creased or with hued ruffles; the low bodice with shoulder ties, consistently of appealing shading (red, blue, or dark) with decorations and weaved designs; the cover made of cotton and silk, fleece, velvet or cowhide) ornamented with brilliantly hued plans or with silver or gold filigree. Hankies that are worn, contingent upon the shading tells whether the wearer is hitched or not. The dark top is as yet worn in Sicily and Sardinia by the men and a kind of velvet petticoat and pants. In American culture our dress is very unique. Americans have a progressively in vogue dress that incorporates Italian planners names, for example, Gucci and Versaci. .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce , .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce .postImageUrl , .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce , .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce:hover , .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce:visited , .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce:active { border:0!important; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce:active , .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c 12f9b85eff6ce .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .udd438d22d3f1274bc1c12f9b85eff6ce:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Compare And Contrast Analysis EssayOpera, a mainstream workmanship from Italy, was famous with the foreigners too, and dissimilar to the music lobbies, it produced an intrigue a long ways past the Italian people group. From the 1880’s, when the Metropolitan Opera House opened in New York with Cleofante Capanini as it’s first conductor and chief, until today, the Italians have been conspicuous in drama in the United States and else where on the planet. The Italians are 99.6% Roman Catholic, albeit just around one - third of them went to mass routinely and just around one-tenth of them got the ceremonies at Easter. All in all, the Italian’s social structure of family, food, local ensemble and dress, music, and religion all have an influence in making a particular culture that permits them to communicate their scholarly practices in a general public all in all. Social Issues

Cut Your Companys Overhead With These 5 Strategies

Cut Your Companys Overhead With These 5 Strategies Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Cut Your Companys Overhead With These 5 StrategiesUpdated On 29/11/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2BloYkC CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogNo business can completely avoid overhead costs. Even the leanest operations in the world need to invest in electronic equipment, communications services and basic utilities such as water and electricityâ€"or pay a commercial landlord or coworking space to address all those costs.Nevertheless, it’s possible to deeply cut overhead costs without sacrificing productivity or production quality. Here’s a look at five straightforward tactics that apply to small, midsize and enterprise-grade companies around the United States.1. Implement Efficient PoliciesBy definition, efficiency leads to savings. Efficient office policies can substantially reduce overhead costs in a variety of areas, such as:Pri nting: Switching to double-sided printing cuts your paper costs in half.Lighting: Phasing out incandescent light bulbs and energy-hogging fluorescents in favor of efficient LEDs can significantly reduce power costs. So can installing timers or motion sensors, so that lights automatically turn off in areas that aren’t in use.Telecommuting: Giving employees the option to work from home on certain days reduces driving, which saves gas (a cost to employees) and reduces traffic (making more time for everyone else on the road).2. Use A Telephone Answering ServiceMany business owners are surprised to learn just how versatile telephone answering services really are. A telephone answering service can significantly reduce after-hours burdens on your staff, simplify your logistical footprint (possibly reducing labor and management costs) and even allow you to replace on-site reception staff with virtual receptionists. If your company handles lots of inbound calls, an answering service is def initely worth looking into.3. Re-evaluate And Renegotiate All Outside ContractsNo matter how fruitful or long-lasting the relationship, or how loyal the outside party, it’s important to periodically re-evaluate all third-party contracts to ensure that you’re getting good value for your money. Don’t be afraid to cut ties with contractors that routinely underperform, or to ask for discounts from contractors with whom you’re generally happyâ€"for instance, if you can guarantee higher order volumes, ask about a per-order price cut.READHandling the Haters: How to Deal with Unpleasant Readers4. Transition To Digital Record-KeepingPaper records take up space, use lots of resources (paper, folders, cabinets) and are loss-prone. Digital records held on physical storage devices and in the cloud are certainly not without their own problems, but they’re generally more secure, less wasteful and cheaper than their analog counterparts. If you haven’t done so already, research secure cl oud storage options and implement a transition plan.5. Take Up Less SpaceHow much office space do you really need? That’s a tricky question with no easy answer. Space costs money, so it’s in your best interests to reduce your footprint wherever possible. At the same time, trying to cram more employees and equipment into less space can damage morale and lead to other intangible downsides.The best rule of thumb is to not let your space get ahead of your company’s growth. In other words, look for office space that fits your company’s needs in the present to near term, not its needs as you expect them to look in five years.How are you reducing your company’s overhead costs?

The Activity of Sport as an Integral Component of Societies all Over the World Sports Development Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The origins of the term, Sports Development dates back to 1965, when the Sports Council was established by the British government as an advisory body. Actually, Sports Development Council was the original name that was proposed to that advisory body, whose role was to come up with policies for the development of sports activities among the people. Thus, any activity which encourages people to play more sports came to be known as sports development. Collins (2009, p. 4) defines sports development as a process whereby effective opportunities, processes, systems and structures are set up to enable and encourage people in all or particular groups and areas to take part in sport and recreation or to improve their performance to whatever level they desire . Although, this facilitating and encouraging role is normally played by the government bodies and officials, along with government authorized sports associations, nowadays more non-governmental and non-sports bodies and its personnel a re also taking the role of Sports Development practitioners. This is because sports development is normally at the margin of the governments field of vision , and only few times in the last twenty years that sports development was given prominence by the central government, like during the urban riots in the early 1980s and during the brief period of office of John Major, an enthusiast for sport .We will write a custom essay sample on The Activity of Sport as an Integral Component of Societies all Over the World: Sports Development or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Medical School And Residential Internship - 952 Words

I will never forget that fateful day in March 1999 when my family and I went to visit my aunt in the hospital. You see, my aunt had recently visited her doctor regarding a persistent mass on her head, an occurrence that was wholly unconcerning to her and my family. However, much to our dismay, we learned that my aunt had metastatic cancer and would require chemotherapy as soon as possible. I remember every second of that encounter as the doctor explained her disease state, in laymen terms, and the rigor and hardship that chemotherapy would cause. Despite only being in eighth grade, one of the most vivid parts of my recollection was the patience and support that the doctor offered. It was through his support that I felt the fear and uncertainty decrease as our family realized that we would not face this struggle alone. Through this hardship, I realized that medicine was undoubtedly part of my path in life. During my medical school and residential internship in India, I realized that I enjoyed the challenge of utilizing a wide breadth of knowledge and clinical expertise in arriving at a final diagnosis that allowed me to institute an individually directed treatment plan. Further, I realized that I enjoyed working with all subsets of patients from pediatrics to geriatrics as well as the various branches of medicine. Family Medicine offers me this opportunity and rather than restricting my patient population or medical involvement, it encourages me to gain knowledge in allShow MoreRelatedMy Enthusiasm For A Compensation And Pension Essay817 Words   |  4 PagesPension (CP) Psychologist position at the Memphis VA Medical Center. I obtained my doctoral degree from the PGSP-Stanford Consortium and recently completed a primary care psychology fellowship at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division. Additionally, I passed the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychol ogy (EPPP) and anticipate full licensure upon approval from TN’s Board of Examiners in Psychology. Beginning in graduate school, I have had long-term career aspirations to provideRead MoreUnited States Versus Nepal s Healthcare System1167 Words   |  5 Pagessystem in each country is intended to meet the best possible medical services needs of its citizens. One country’s healthcare system can vary from another. This is according to their administration strategy, training, education, technology, and spending plan. Social, economic, political, and physical parts of the nation also play huge role in defining a country’s healthcare system. There are many similarities in the delivery of medical services between United States and Nepal. For the middle classRead MoreEssay886 Words   |  4 Pagesof collaboration and learning. 3. What inspires you? The scientific community inspires me. 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What really won me over with pursing this organization was an annual meeting I attended in which a former client stood and gave his testimony about his journey in the residential treatment facilityRead MoreRoles Of Clinical Manager. Clinical Manager’S Primary Purpose1334 Words   |  6 Pagesarise from employees, patients, and doctors. Their job is to appoint authority and make important decisions. According to Occupational Outlook Handbook, clinical managers are referred as medical and health service managers who plan, direct and coordinate medical services. They obtain duties to keep the medical facility in order. 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I experienced the PosttraumaticRead MoreMy Views On Public Health Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pageswitnessed a lot of avoidable premature deaths and sufferings from diseases among people in my homeland. In particular, I noticed that women and children living in rural areas are the most frequent victims of these adverse consequences. During high school, I thought that the treatment of the sick mothers or children would be the best way to prevent such unfortunate deaths. That is why I always dreamt of being a physician. While pursuing the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree,Read MoreMedicine Physical Therapy Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesIf considering becoming a Sports Medicine Physical Therapist, one should prepare for the amount of education and training required to fulfill the job. It is crucial that anyone going into the medical field earns a high school diploma. College admissions directors will be looking for exceptional high school education backgrounds. Although these courses may not be required, it would be beneficial to take health and nutrition classes, along with science courses such as biology, chemistry, and physics

Invasive Species Threatens The Ecosystem - 963 Words

Invasive Species Threatens the Ecosystem Every life form all over the world depends on the ecosystem for its survival. However, the ecosystem can be threatened when there is an excess or drop in resources. Many people will argue that human beings are the primary cause of this economic imbalance but are people the root of this problem? No. There is evidence that invasive species all over the country has also threatened our ecosystem. Invasive species are any living organism such a plants, fungus, insects, and fish just to name a few. Invasive species pose a threat to wildlife in many ways. (â€Å"National Wildlife Federation,† 2009) states species brought into an atmosphere that doesn’t have any predators are considered dangerous. They often breed and spread rapidly, assuming control over a region. Local untamed life has no advanced safeguards against the trespasser, and they stand no chance against species that has no predators (p.2). Furthermore, these species invade a reas that they aren’t indigenous to and reproduce quickly. To further understand the underlying crux of invasive species and how this matter may come to fruition, I will provide an analogy of an article that addresses this problem, by summarizing and identifying the negative impact invasive species have on the ecosystem. Today, some may say that human beings are the reason invasive species prevail. According to Bright (1999), Obtrusive species are being transported through the worldwideShow MoreRelatedAn Invasive Species Has Entered Maryland s Waters And Threaten The Balance Of The Aquatic Ecosystem2380 Words   |  10 PagesAn invasive species has entered Maryland’s waters and threatens to dramatically alter the balance of the aquatic ecosystem. The Northern Snakehead fish, native to Asia and Africa, is a voracious predator, competing with native fish at all stages of its life. 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The WILD Act addresses these issues through four provisions: 1) establishing the Theodore Roosevelt Genius Prizes, 2) reauthorizing the Multinational Species Conservation Funds (MSCF), 3) amending the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA), and 4) reauthorizing the Partners for Fish and Wildlife ProgramRead MoreThe Everglades And Global Warming1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe Everglades and Global warming Richard Hamilton BSC2010 Broward College The Everglades and Global warming Introduction The Everglades mainly found in the United States of America (USA) is a 2 million acre of wetland ecosystem that stretches from the Central of Florida near to Orlando to the Bay of Florida in the south. During rainy seasons, Lake Okeechobee experience upsurge in water volumes causing it to discharge the waters into the â€Å"river of grass† that characterize with shallowRead MoreCallous Carp Asian carp are a group of fish out Asia. They were brought into America in the 1970s900 Words   |  4 Pagesfloods, causing the water level of the aquaculture ponds to substantially rise (Mears). During this time the carp were flooded into the river (American). With no natural predators the fish reproduced. Asian Carp are an evasive and invasive species that have destroyed ecosystems across the U.S. Due to the shared water system of North America they are starting to make their way into Canada. Asian carp have left devastating impacts in their wake, despite efforts (both underway and proposed) to stop themRead MoreThe Disappearance of the Bees Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesserious was the loss of 1/3rd of bee hives within the United States as a whole. This event appeared to have no particular rhyme or reason for this cause and no singular circumstance could be pointed to as an exact cause of such mass destruction of one species that is crucial to food production within the United States (Honey Bees and Colony Collapse Disorder). Value of the honey bee: The honey bee is vital to an estimated $117 billion annual production of crops through pollination within the UnitedRead MoreEssay about Cloning Endangered Species only Delays Extinction701 Words   |  3 PagesCloning Endangered Species only Delays Extinction    Last week, scientists revealed they have successfully cloned an endangered Asian gaur -- a stocky ox-like animal with a humped back. Such a technological breakthrough provides confidence that we will soon have the endangered species problem under control. Or does it?    Though the universitys burgeoning squirrel population seems to indicate otherwise, species extinction is a grave problem in most parts of the world. Species are imperiledRead MoreThe Ethical And Moral Issue945 Words   |  4 Pages Recent research suggests that human beings have the technology to revert species extinction. Scientists are able to reassemble the DNA in a dead tissue of extinct animals. 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You can classify invasive plant by seeing if it is from the region or area.Well, an invasive plant has the ability to thrive and spread aggressively outsideRead MoreSystems For Humans Can Not Function Without Clean Water1668 Words   |  7 Pagesin fish habitations and the composition of species in these habitats (Komatsu, Fukushima, and Harasawa, 2007), and healthy water systems. Increased temperature due to global warming leads to the concentration increase of dissolved substances other than oxygen and an influx of species into the warmer environment (Delpla, Jung, Baures, Clement, and Thomas, 2009). Therefore there may not be enough oxygen in the water systems to support and sustain the species present. When there are too many bacteriaRead MoreExtinction Of Animal Extinction1024 Words   |  5 Pagesthe elimination of a large number of species in a short period of time. Despite what many think, the elimination of species is almost commonplace at this point. The Earth is currently in the middle of a sixth mass extinction, and it’s been caused by the human race. It’s clear that a great extinction is coming from the evidence of the destruction of other species around us. The choices made by the human race have too often negatively affected the surrounding species. Tracy Wilson, the site director for

The Rwandan Genocide free essay sample

Tiffany Brown 1 Ms. Dewees Senior Seminar 5-22-09 The Rwandan Genocide Brown The Rwandan Genocide was massive killings in 1994. Rwanda was characterized by ethnic divides between the Hutu and Tutsi population. The Tutsis were being targeted no matter what age or gender. Innocent civilians were all unarmed and werent given a chance. It established ethnic conflict that would eventually leave Rwanda in great potential for future violence. The genocide escalated from a peaceful background over hundreds of years that then evolved into hatred of ethnic differences that led to mass killings ending with the aftermath of Rwandas most anted for the murder of hundreds of thousands. Background Rwanda is one of the smallest nations in the African continent and bordered by Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi. Rwanda is characterized by highland plateaus between the Nile and Zaire River basins and the mountain ranges which dominate its landscape, both contributing to its nickname. 1874). The three groups came about through immigration and social and economic differences. It is believed that the Twa were first or the â€Å"original inhabitants† (Countries and Their Cultures p.1874), the Hutu came second from the west, and the Tutsi came later on from the northeast. On the contrary, research did by archaeologists and anthropologists states that the migration of these groups was a lot more complex, being that many people moved into Rwanda over a long period of time. In fact, the differences between the three groups grew only during the time of colonial rule and also from European ideas on race and identity, rather than from historical backgrounds. Colonial authorities believed â€Å"power in Rwanda to be organized primarily along ethnic lines† (Countries and Their Cultures p.1874). They began to make policies that controlled the Hutu and benefited the Tutsi, who they believed were the born rulers. Europeans believed that the Tutsi looked the most identical to themselves than any other Rwandan, and they were placed closer to Europeans in the hierarchy. They found it reasonable for the Tutsi to control the Hutu and the Twa; similar to how they thought it was reasonable for them to rule the Africans. The Europeans were not informed about how big of a contributor the Hutu were to the country of Rwanda, and only focused on the Tutsi to be the supreme rulers. From this point, the Belgians decided to give higher education and higher-ranked jobs to only Tutsis, but they had one problem. How could they decide who was actually Tutsi? They used a general physical similarity to distinguish them, but it did not help to identify all. Genealogy was the easiest way to determine a person’s status, but it was sometimes inaccurate due to the fact that some people could change category depending on if their fortune rose or fell. So instead, an individual’s group affiliation was put on record and anyone born after this point would have theirs recorded at the time of their birth. This was put into effect around the 1930s. â€Å"Some 15 percent of the population declared themselves Tutsi, approximately 84 percent said they were Hutu, and the remaining 1 percent said they were Twa† (Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda). Belgium continued to support the Tutsis until the 1950s. Then, with the end of colonial rule approaching and pressure from the UN, the authorities began to let the Hutu become more involved in the public life. Hutus began to receive higher positions in the administration and get admitted into secondary schools. Although these changes were minor, they still frightened the Tutsis. The conservative Tutsi planned to have the Belgians gone before majority rule was in effect. On the other hand, radical Hutus wanted to gain power of the political system before the Belgians withdrew. In 1959, an exclusive party of Hutus and a royalist party of Tutsis both gained strength. â€Å"In November 1959, several Tutsi assaulted a Hutu sub-chief. As the news of the incident spread, Hutu groups attacked Tutsi officials and the Tutsi responded with more violence. Several hundred people were killed before the Belgian administration restored order. The Belgians then replaced about half the Tutsi local authorities by Hutu. With the help of many of these local administrators, the Parmehutu easily won the first elections in 1960 and 1961. In September 196l, some 80 percent of Rwandans voted to end the monarchy, thus confirming the proclamation of a republic the previous January 1961 by the Parmehutu-led government. These events became known as the â€Å"Hutu Revolution†Ã¢â‚¬  (Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda). After Rwanda won its independence in 1962, the Hutu began to take over and caused about 400,000 Tutsi to flee to Uganda and other places. Receiving help from countries like Uganda, the United States, and the United Kingdom, these Tutsi refugees created an army called the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) in 1985. Five years later in 1990, the RPF invaded Rwanda. To end this constant back and forth, France and the United States came about with a peace deal in 1993 called the Arusha Accords. Hutu leaders agreed to the deal and it gave the RPF more power. To make sure that peace was actually kept, a small UN force, along with an RPF battalion were sent to station in Rwanda’s capital of Kigali. In April of 1994, Hutu President Habyarimana â€Å"was flying back from peace talks in Tanzania†¦ The plane was shot down when it was landing in Kigali†. (Ilibagiza, p. 43). In the novel Left to Tell by Immaculee Ilibagiza, she explains what announcements on the radio were like after the plane crash. She says, â€Å"I hesitate to use the word reported because the man on the radio sounded more like a cheerleader for the killers than a journalist†¦ He made the killings sound justified. He made it sound like dragging entire families into the street and murdering them was perfectly reasonable† (p.44). In fear of a Tutsi takeover, the Hutu extremists began on their reign of terror in vengeance of the president’s death. They immediately began killing Tutsi politicians, leaders, and also innocent civilians. During the reign of attacks, 10 of the UN troops were captured, tortured, and murdered. The UN then removed around 90% of their force out of Rwanda. Who would help the Tutsis now? During the first days of the genocide in Kigali, individuals who opposed to the president were sought out and murdered. After a few weeks, the assailants’ strategies changed. Instead of seeking out individuals, groups of Tutsis were brought out of their homes into public places such as schools and churches. Here, they would be killed in masses. Most women were raped and tortured, and even mutilated before they were actually murdered. Towards the end of the month, most large massacres had ended. Also, problems had arisen within the army. Some militants began to abuse their license to kill. They began to kill Hutus that they had personal problems with. Also, some militants were letting Tutsis escape in return for favors. By the middle of May, authorities ordered for the final straw, and that was to find and kill every Tutsi left. They searched for those who were hidden away or who had been spared because of their status, such as priests and medical workers. They also looked for any survivors who may be used to testify on the massacre. Civilians took any risk in order to survive. Tutsis, even the Hutus that they knew, worked together to save their lives. Many people escaped to nearby countries. Many also stayed in the country of Rwanda, fearing that even taking a step outside could prove fatal. They hid in places such as ceilings of houses, holes in the ground, forests, and swamps. Some people bought their lives off, and others paid weekly with money or services. In the end, more than 500,000 Tutsis were killed in the genocide that lasted for about three months. The genocide ended when a Tutsi rebel army gained control over the government. This genocide affected the lives of many people. Immaculee states that, â€Å"And that’s as it should be, for what happened in Rwanda happened in Rwanda happened to us all- humanity was wounded by the genocide†¦ I believe that we can heal Rwanda- and our world- by healing one heart a time†

Sack Sentence Completion Test free essay sample

Plano Clark combine the latest thinking about mixed methods research designs with practical, step-by-step guidelines for the decisions that researchers face when designing and conducting a mixed methods research study. 2. Title of the BookDoing a Successful Research Project: Using qualitative or quantitative Methods Author/sDavies, Martin Brett PublisherMacmillan Place of PublicationBasingstoke: Palgrave, USA Year of Publication2007 AnnotationIt offers an accessible, even-handed introduction to carrying out research methods for undergraduate and postgraduate students conducting a research project for the first time. The research processfrom planning, through design and implementation, to completionis described simply and succinctly, with the emphasis throughout on good preparation. 3. Title of the BookTechnical Writing: Process and Product (5th Edition) Author/sGerson, Sharon J. and Gerson, Steven M PublisherPrentice Hall; Place of PublicationUS Year of Publication2005 AnnotationGuides readers through the entire writing process—prewriting, writing, and rewriting—developing an easy to-use, step-by-step technique for writing the types of documents they will encounter on the job. We will write a custom essay sample on Sack Sentence Completion Test or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The authors reader-friendly style engages readers in the writing process and encourages hands-on application. 4. Title of the BookResearch Methodology: A Step By Step Guide For Beginners, 2/E AuthorKumar PublisherPearson Education Place of PublicationIndia Year of Publication2005 AnnotationPractical Step-By-Step Approach provides students with a strong framework of methods and procedures used in both quantitative and qualitative research. 5. Title of the BookUnderstanding research methods: an overview of the essentials AuthorMildred L. Patten PublisherPyrczak Publishing Place of PublicationUniversity of Michigan, USA Year of Publication1997; Digitized 28 Aug 2010 6. Title of the BookResearch Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach, 3rd Ed. AuthorSherri L. Jackson Publisher Cengage Learning Place of PublicationUSA Year of Publication2008 AnnotationSuccessfully illustrates the integration between statistics and research methods by demonstrating the ways to use statistics in analyzing data collected during research. 7. Title of the BookResearch Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2nd Ed. AuthorC. R. Kothari Publisher New Age International Place of PublicationNew Delhi, India Year of Publication2009 AnnotationProvides the basic tenets of Methodological Research. It contains introductory explanations of several quantitative methods in wide use in the social sciences. 8. Title of BookUniversal Methods of Design: 100 Ways to Research Complex Problems, Develop Innovative Ideas, and Design Effective Solutions AuthorsBruce Hanington, Bella Martin PublisherRockport Publishers Place of PublicationUSA Year of Publication2012 AnnotationCompiles and summarizes 100 of the most widely applicable and effective methods of design—research, analysis, and ideation—the methods that every graduate of a design program should know, and every professional designer should employ. Methods are concisely presented, accompanied by information about the origin of the technique, key research supporting the method, and visual examples. 9. Title of BookResearch Design and Methods: A Process Approach AuthorsKenneth Bordens, Bruce Barrington Abbott PublisherMcGraw-Hill Place of PublicationUSA Year of Publication2010 AnnotationGuides students through the research process, from conceiving of and developing a research idea, to designing and conducting a study, to analyzing and reporting data. The authors present students with information on the numerous decisions they must make when designing and conducting research and indicate how their early decisions affect how data are collected, analyzed, and interpreted later in the research process. A focus on the importance of ethical conduct, both in the treatment of research subjects and in the reporting of research results, directs the text. 10. Title of BookQualitative Communication Research Methods AuthorsThomas (Tom) R. Lindlof, Bryan C. (Copeland) Taylor PublisherSage Publications Place of PublicationLondon Year of Publication 2010 AnnotationIt introduces readers to every step of the qualitative research process, from developing research topics and questions, through writing a final report. In addition to covering the theories and methods currently used in qualitative communication research, the authors also discuss important trends influencing the future of that research. List of Books in Methods of Research (Psychology) . Title of BookMethodological Issues and Strategies in Clinical Research (4th edn) AuthorKazdin, A. E. PublisherAmerican Psychological Association Place of PublicationWashington DC, USA Year of Publication2002 AnnotationRather than a textbook, this is a comprehensive reader of articles concerned with research in the area of psychology in general and clinical psychology in particular. Chosen for their ge neral application and non-technical, readable style, this is a really good book for dipping into at all stages of the research process. 2. Title of BookHandbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology (2nd Ed. ) AuthorKendall, P. C. , Butcher, J. N. amp; Holmbeck, G. N. PublisherWiley Place of PublicationUSA Year of Publication1999 AnnotationVoluminous and up-to-date handbook of research methods in clinical psychology. Thorough treatment of general issues in clinical research (e. g. ethical issues, statistical issues and cross-cultural issues), detailed expositions of assessment and outcome measurement methods and methodological issues in clinical research, chapters on issues involved in researching particular populations (e. . children, older adults) and a useful introductory chapter on meta-analytic research methods 3. Title of BookResearch Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology AuthorDavid F. Marks amp; Lucy Yardley PublisherSage Place of PublicationLondon Year of Publication(2004) AnnotationThis textbook offers an excellent introduction to the variety of research methods used within the fields of clinical and health psychology. The book provides a detailed, yet concise, explanation of both qualitative and quantitative approaches and draws upon case-study examples to illustrate how these can be used in a variety of health-care settings, with special relevance to clinical disorders, disease prevention and health promotion. 4. Title of BookResearch Methods in Psychology (3rd edn). AuthorBreakwell, G. M. , Hammond, S. , Fife-Schaw, C. , amp; Smith, J. A. PublisherSage. Place of PublicationLondon Year of Publication2006 AnnotationA comprehensive round-up of different quantitative and qualitative research methods. . Title of BookResearch Methods in Clinical Psychology: An Introduction for Students and Practitioners (2nd edn). AuthorBarker, C. , Pistrang, N. amp; Elliot, R. PublisherWiley Place of PublicationUSA Year of Publication2002 AnnotationAll-round introductory text covering contextual and background issues, research design and to a lesser extent statistical analysis for practitioner-researchers. 6. Title o f BookResearch Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology AuthorMarks, D. , amp; Yardley, L. PublisherSage Place of PublicationLondon Year of Publication2004 AnnotationBroad multi-author text, with emphasis on conducting research in health settings with qualitative content and thematic analysis. 7. Title of BookAdvanced Research Methods in Psychology AuthorGiles, D. C PublisherRoutledge Place of PublicationLondon Year of Publication2002 AnnotationAttempts to cover a wide range of advanced statistical and qualitative techniques, with readable step-by-step guides to carrying out some of the more difficult statistical tests. 8. Title of BookEvaluating, Doing and Writing Research in Psychology Author/sPhilip Bell, Phillip Staines amp; Joel Michell PublisherUNSW Press Place of PublicationAustralia Year of Publication2001 AnnotationA guide to evaluating statements, arguments and a range of different psychological explanations; chapters on the interpretation and evaluation of data and evidence, understanding weaknesses in psychological argument, and measurement and numerical reasoning; and chapters on doing a literature review, writing up essays and projects, and reporting observational studies. 9. Title of BookResearch Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (4th Ed. ) AuthorStangor, C. PublisherHoughton Mifflin Place of PublicationBoston, MA, USA Year of Publication2010 AnnotationAppropriate for social science students, this text offers comprehensive coverage of both experimental and non-experimental methods. The author provides succinct explanations for a full range of methods, including descriptive, correlational, experimental, and quasi-experimental research designs. Practical tips and applications integrated throughout the text allow students to make real-world connections that encourage them to master the material. 10. Title of BookEssentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis (3rd Ed. ) AuthorRosenthal, R. , amp; Rosnow, R. L. PublisherMcGraw-Hill. Place of Publication New York, USA Year of Publication2008 AnnotationThe only comprehensive treatment of methods and data analysis, this classic advanced undergraduate/graduate text in research methods requires statistics as a prerequisite. The first half of the text concentrates on research methods and the second half introduces students to advanced statistical procedures. List of Theses (Psychology) 1. Title  of ThesisAn Exploration of Age Effects on a Memory Plus Visuomotor Dual Task Paradigm ResearcherGemmell, Alison School  The University of Edinburgh, UK Year Defended2010 FindingsSeveral studies have described a dual task deficit in patients with dementia, which does not occur in healthy ageing. Attempts to create a dual task suitable for clinical use have encountered various problems, and have led to the development of a dual task which employs a digit recall memory task concurrently with a visuo-motor tapping task, using a specially designed Fitts’ Law Box. To explore the age effects associated with, and effectiveness of, this dual task, and to investigate its suitability for clinical use, 24 healthy elderly and 25 healthy young participants were assessed on two conditions using the dual task apparatus and several tests of executive function and memory. In contrast to previous dual task studies, a significant effect of age was found on both dual task conditions, as well as the measures of executive function and memory. These findings suggest that the dual task is unsuitable for clinical use. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed, along with suggestions of modifications for the Fitts’ Law Box. 2. Title of ThesisThe Impact of Interview Style and Timing of Expert Testimony on Mock Jurors’ Perceptions of Child Sexual Abuse Interviews ResearcherKayla Burd Year Defended2010 SchoolHofstra University, New York, USA FindingsThis study investigated the relationships between forensic interview styles of alleged child sexual abuse victims and timing of expert testimony regarding forensic interviewing on mock jury reasoning and decision making. It examined whether college-aged participants, individually tested as mock jurors in a hypothetical court case of abuse, can determine the difference in effectiveness between two styles of interview. It employed a 2 (Interview Style: good vs. bad interview) x 3 (Expert Testimony: none, educational testimony before all other testimony, educational testimony after all other testimony) factorial design. In the good interview condition, participants were presented with a written interview in which a non-coercive interviewer carefully asks open-ended questions to elicit a child’s account. In the bad interview condition of this variable, by contrast, the interviewer elicited an account through use of closed-ended directive and leading questions. The second variable investigates whether reading a transcript of expert testimony results in different judgments of witness credibility and defendant guilt, and varies the time of introduction of the testimony. Participants read a trial summary and witness testimony and then answered questions concerning child witness credibility, expert credibility, and verdict regarding the case. Conviction rates were not dependent upon interview quality or timing of the expert witness. The expert witness was rated more credible, convincing, and helpful following bad interviews and the child was rated more convincing in good versus bad interviews. 3. Title of ThesisAn Exploration of Motor Abilities in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Developing a test of imitation that is not confounded by motor abilities ResearcherKenny, Lorcan SchoolThe University of Edinburgh, UK Year Defended 2011 Findings An investigation of motor abilities using the Movement Assessment Battery (MABC-2) for Children showed that a sample of 10 adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders are more impaired on gross whole-body type movements compared to a control sample of 20 typically developing adults. However, the MABC-2 and the clinical kinematic assessment tool found no reliable difference between the two groups on fine motor dexterity. An imitation task was devised requiring participants to imitate movements from videos shown on screen. Participants were required to imitate shapes (a) drawn by a model and (b) drawn by a moving dot in. A 2 x 2 between subjects MANOVA was employed to determine if the correlation of the path length, time and speed of the shape produced by each participant with those produced by the model differed across group or condition. Another 2 x 2 between subjects MANOVA was used to explore if the constant or variable error of path length, time, or speed of participants differed across condition or group. There were no significant main or interaction effects. 4. Title of ThesisA Quantitative and Qualitative Study of Barack Obama’s Facebook Fans ResearcherBraun, Katrina SchoolGeorgetown University, Washington DC Year Defended2012 FindingsThis study sought to paint a picture of the group of Obama Facebook fans by investigating the interactions between their political activities on Facebook, their political activities offline, and the activities and opinions of their friends. The quantitative and qualitative data collected in the study yielded some significant and interesting trends. Obama Facebook fans were, in general, a moderately to strongly politically involved group; even those who said that politics was less important to them had voted, which significant numbers of Americans routinely do not do. Participants felt real connections to Obama, though many said that this connection was casual, particularly as it was expressed through Facebook. Results support the findings of Vitak et al. (2010) that Facebook political activity is fairly common among college students and that political activity in general is predicted by online political activity and friends’ political activity. As increasingly large numbers of people integrate Facebook into their social lives, this could certainly have implications for political participation in coming decades. 5. Title of ThesisWhite matter integrity and visual short-term memory binding in familial Alzheimers Disease ResearcherHeikkila, Heini SchoolThe University of Edinburgh, UK Year Defended 2011 Findings The asymptomatic phase of familial Alzheimer’s disease caused by E280A mutation in presenilin-1 gene is characterized by intact performance in traditional neuropsychological tasks including memory, language, and executive functions. However, asymptomatic mutation carriers are already impaired in tasks that require visual short-term memory binding. Meanwhile, neuropathological changes in white matter integrity take place during the course of familial Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated whether the behavioural short-term memory binding deficits are accompanied by changes in white matter integrity in asymptomatic and clinical phases of familial Alzheimer’s disease. Three groups asymptomatic carriers of presenilin-1 gene mutation, familial Alzheimer’s disease patients, and healthy controls underwent an assessment consisting of a neuropsychological test battery, two visual short-term memory binding tasks, and diffusion tensor imaging. Group comparisons indicated changes in white matter integrity in familial Alzheimer’s disease patients and to smaller extent already in asymptomatic carriers. Higher performance in visual shape-colour binding task was related to higher white matter integrity in frontal areas, and higher performance in visual colour-colour binding task was related to higher white matter integrity in frontal and parietal areas. Thus, we demonstrate the early changes in white matter integrity already in asymptomatic phase of familial Alzheimer’s disease. These changes become more widespread in the course of the disease. In addition, impaired performance in visual short-term memory binding tasks is accompanied by changes in white matter integrity which might implicate loss of connectivity. The results help to shed light on the neural underpinnings of familial Alzheimer’s disease and might lead to development of new methods for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. 6. Title of Thesis The Impact of Father Absence on Adolescent Romantic Relationship Ideals ResearcherHorne, Melissa SchoolGeorgetown University, Washington DC Year Defended 2011 Abstract:Previous literature has addressed the impact of father absence on adolescents’ sexual development and behavior but has neglected to explore youth’s motivations and attitudes towards romantic relationships. This study xamined the association between the duration of father absence and adolescents’ romantic relationship ideals of commitment, sex, and pregnancy within a romantic relationship. It further focused on any differences between genders. Findings based on data from Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=18,849) showed that adolescents whose fathers were always absent had different romantic relationship ideals than those whose fathers were never absent: they desired a lower level of commitment to their partner and wanted to engage in riskier behaviors, such as sex and pregnancy, outside a committed relationship. Moreover, boys were more impacted by father absence than girls with regards to their desires for commitment and sexual activity, while girls wanted less commitment within a relationship overall than boys. These findings suggest that earlier interventions with youth, before adolescents initiate risky sexual behaviors, and interventions that target romantic ideals rather than sexual behavior may more successfully prevent risky sexual behavior. 7. Title of ThesisA Typology of Retaliation Strategies Against Social Aggression Among Adolescent Girls ResearcherKari Phelan Year Defended2008 SchoolWittenburg University, Ohio USA FindingsThe objective of this study was twofold (1) to examine which socially aggressive topics were most provocative and (2) to develop a typology for retaliation against social aggression. These concepts were analyzed through qualitative interviews with a sample 15 girls, ages 10-16. The following socially aggressive topic themes were categorized in terms of frequency (from most to least): identity attacks, destabilization, boyfriend jealousy, family, insecurities, and secret exposure. Retaliation behaviors, including truth coalition, face-to-face confrontation, faux confrontation, cancel the friendship, gossip, cold shoulder, physical violence, rumors, nonverbal cues, picking teams, and specialized torture were found to be either methods of social leveling or payback. These results are the first to continue the examination of social aggression in terms of self-communication and the communication process. Results suggest that the kind of retaliation exhibited to these provocative topics depends considerably on context. ncluding the extent to which boys are involved, socioeconomic status of parties involved, proof of wrongdoing, and extent to which a party feels the need to save face. Results also suggest significant implications regarding low socioeconomic status. that cultural, ethnic, and racial differences are confounded with socioeconomic status to the point that cultural, ethnic, and racial traits can become shared with those of differing groups if low socioec onomic status is shared. 8. Title of ThesisParental Divorce, Parent-Child Conflict, and College Student Well-Being ResearcherAbigail Sjostrom Year Defended2008 SchoolWittenburg University, Ohio USA FindingsThis study examined the effects of parental divorce and parent-child conflict on college students depressive symptoms, eating behavior, and alcohol use. It was hypothesized that students from divorced homes would experience more depressive symptoms, disordered eating, and alcohol use than students from intact families. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in symptomology between students from divorced homes and students from intact homes. Correlations were conducted between conflict with mothers and fathers and measures of symptomology. The highest correlations were for conflict with mother and drive for thinness among males and conflict with father and bulimia among males. 9. Title of ThesisRelationships Among Maternal Achievement Motive and Anxiety and Children’s Academic Performance and Anxiety Levels ResearcherNicole Friedman Year Defended2005 SchoolHofstra University, New York, USA FindingsMaternal achievement motivation and anxiety were evaluated in relation to fourth graders’ performance on the English Language Arts Exam (ELA) and the children’s anxiety. Forty-eight mother-child dyads were tested, with mothers completing the Motivational Trait Questionnaire (MTQ), the State Trait Anxiety Inventory trait anxiety scale (STAI-C2) and a demographics survey. Children took a practice New York State English Language Arts Exam and the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Positive correlations were expected among maternal MTQ, maternal STAI-C2 and children’s RCMAS scores. Negative correlations were expected for above variables with ELA scores. Data support the relationship between maternal MTQ and STAI-C2. ELA scores were positively correlated with MTQ scores and no correlations were found among STAI-C2, RCMAS, and ELA scores. A post-hoc analysis among STAI-C2 and subscale scores of the RCMAS suggests that a closer examination of the relationships amongst the variables of maternal anxiety, child anxiety and ELA performance is warranted. As much relies on the interpretation of ELA scores, further research regarding influences on child performance as well as the usefulness of the ELA in general are necessary. 10. Title of ThesisIntelligence, Childhood Behaviour, and Locus of Control: Effects on Intergenerational Social Mobility Researchervon Stumm, Sophie M R SchoolUniversity of Edinburgh, UK Year Defended2007 FindingsIn a sample of 3,788 men from the British Cohort Study 1970, predictors of intergenerational social mobility were examined. Logistic regression models confirmed previous research outcomes: parental social class, intelligence, and educational qualifications significantly contributed to status attainment at the age of 30. In addition, childhood behavioural disturbance, extracted from teacher ratings at children’s age of 10, and locus of control were identified as influential factors. Subsequently, a structural equation model was fitted, which extends pervious findings. Locus of control and behavioural disturbance mediated effects of intelligence on education and status attainment. However, both predictors were less affected by parental social class. Overall, educational qualifications were most predictive of social mobility, mediating effects of parental social class, intelligence, locus of control and childhood behaviour on own social class at age 30.

Free Essays on Silver Mining

Roughing It This Literature selection from Roughing IT by Mark Twain was about the gold and silver mining experience of Mark Twain. Everyone at that time had â€Å"silver fever†. Mark Twain like everyone else had a goal. Goal to find silver! Mark confessed without a shame that he expected to find masses of silver just lying all round the ground. Things weren’t as easy as Mark thought they would be! They had to build small, rude cabin. The first chance that Mark got he went away from the cabin; keeping his eyes on the others he began his search. He found something shinny and he realized it was gold. Never did he dream of finding gold only silver! Making sure no one sees him he started scooping the gold out. He decided to keep his gold find a secret. Eventually he told Mr. Ballou, who was a gold miner about his gold find. As Mr. Ballou looked at the â€Å"treasures† he told Mark that it wasn’t real gold! Nothing-gold glitter. Mark Twain’s dreams went down the hill. When I first read the article I didn’t understand it at all. After re-reading it few times I understood it more. I don’t think I would ever go mining. You spend so many days away from your family with no guarantee. Why not just live on what you have? In my opinion people who go mining are just greedy! In a way I could see where they are coming from. They just want more and better things for their loved once. They go through so much and in the end in most cases they have nothing. Mark Twain got his hopes up so high and in the end, he had nothing, and that’s what happens to most people. This article was really had me thinking. I definitely don’t think I would ever go through all that torture just for money. Money isn’t everything. Health and Happiness is!!!... Free Essays on Silver Mining Free Essays on Silver Mining Roughing It This Literature selection from Roughing IT by Mark Twain was about the gold and silver mining experience of Mark Twain. Everyone at that time had â€Å"silver fever†. Mark Twain like everyone else had a goal. Goal to find silver! Mark confessed without a shame that he expected to find masses of silver just lying all round the ground. Things weren’t as easy as Mark thought they would be! They had to build small, rude cabin. The first chance that Mark got he went away from the cabin; keeping his eyes on the others he began his search. He found something shinny and he realized it was gold. Never did he dream of finding gold only silver! Making sure no one sees him he started scooping the gold out. He decided to keep his gold find a secret. Eventually he told Mr. Ballou, who was a gold miner about his gold find. As Mr. Ballou looked at the â€Å"treasures† he told Mark that it wasn’t real gold! Nothing-gold glitter. Mark Twain’s dreams went down the hill. When I first read the article I didn’t understand it at all. After re-reading it few times I understood it more. I don’t think I would ever go mining. You spend so many days away from your family with no guarantee. Why not just live on what you have? In my opinion people who go mining are just greedy! In a way I could see where they are coming from. They just want more and better things for their loved once. They go through so much and in the end in most cases they have nothing. Mark Twain got his hopes up so high and in the end, he had nothing, and that’s what happens to most people. This article was really had me thinking. I definitely don’t think I would ever go through all that torture just for money. Money isn’t everything. Health and Happiness is!!!...

Article Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Summary - Essay Example Department of Education, 2002). It's important, though, to realize that learning disabilities (LD) vary from person to person. One person with LD may not have the same kind of learning problems as another person with LD. One may have trouble with reading and writing. Another may have problems with understanding math. Still another person may have trouble in each of these areas, as well as with understanding what people are saying. The diagnosis of learning disabilities is often a sticky issue. Of particular concern are the various methods used to test children suspected of having a learning disability and the differing eligibility criteria that states apply to decide whether or not a child qualifies for special education and related services. A lot rides on those decisions. Depending on the diagnostic process used, the resulting picture may vary as to the child's abilities and difficulties. And based upon the picture that emerges of the child, decisions are made about the education and special assistance that the child will receive (or not) and the resources that the state will commit to provide the child with special education (or not). This article reviews the historical basis and rationale for identifying children as learning disabled on the basis of a discrepancy between scores on measures of intelligence and achievement.

Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) - Essay Example Its mission is, PDA has contributed and played a huge role in providing knowledge for pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry. It has worked towards increasing the individual’s professional knowledge and abilities. PDA publishes the consensus document called PDA’s technical report on the issues where little or no technical guidance exist , its two major membership publications are; the PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and the PDA Letter, it also publishes the PDA’s newest membership publication, International Pharmaceutical Quality (IPQ). (PDA Annual report 2007). Apart from this it regularly conducts seminars, conferences and workshops which are designed, developed and executed in the way that they provide ample information regarding professional knowledge and abilities. It holds conferences on topics related to pharmacy, microbiology, quality systems, management etc. In 2007 it published 3 of the technical reports as supplement to PDA journal; PDA has contributed many valuable books to the PDA/Davis health care (DHI) publishing library from where people could get access to them easily. The PDA journal has imposed two important students outreach programs; firstly the student research symposium at the PDA 2007 annual meeting and second being the doctoral program which provides funds for the partial support of four graduate students pursuing doctoral research at various universities. To provide a sound professional knowledge the PDA letter also has articles of many industry experts regarding different issues and topics like; â€Å"Articles of Interest to the Microbiologist: A Review of microbiology-related research published in volume 60 (2006) by Scott Sutton, PhD, Vectech Pharmaceutical Consultants, low energy electron beam applications in aseptic filling operations by Cilag and Ike Harper, Johnson & Johnson†(PDA 2007, 8). PDA has launched a number of student programs to promote learning and research

DEFINATION OF SUSTAINABILITY PHENOMENON

DEFINATION OF SUSTAINABILITY PHENOMENON In todays world where populations are growing, where natural resources are stressed and where consumers expectations are expanding, sustainability is absolutely critical issue for our planet. Sustainability is a significant term for many disciplines and one of the important key for living. Then, it has become an important part of organizations with the effect of todays rapidly changed competitive business environment and surely the effect of globalization. Economic Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Social Sustainability Figure 1. Three dimensions of sustainability Sustainability can be described as a permanent ability.  Meaning in the science of ecology, diversity and productivity of the biological system is to ensure the continuity.  Today is a very popular sustainability concept, or fashion in the phrase sustainable growth, underground / aboveground resources, without jeopardizing their life opportunities of future generations to consume to sustain economic growth targets. In 1992, Sustainable Development was the main theme of the Rio Conference, later all the other United Nations conferences had been deeply affected and the basic principles of the UNs approach turned into the world Sustainability. According to the United Nations Environment and Development Commission definition in 1987, Humanity, future generations need to answer capability without jeopardizing the daily needs by providing development to sustain the ability to have. According to Nelson and Winter (1982, pg.5) sustainability adverts to a accumulated and persistent way of growth, at economic level- the economic sustainability or at company level- the business sustainability; an included growth way that provides benefits to people at different types of levels of social position, both within countries and all over the world the social sustainability; and a growth trajectory that recovers and protects the natural environment and is well balanced in terms of exploitation of natural resources- the environmental sustainability. According to all of these senses, sustainability can be related with the accumulative and path dependent nature of the innovation process. (Nelson and Winter, 1982) With regard to Tekeli (2001), sustainability is emerged in the environmental movement and has become widely accepted in the political process content and it is tried to be redefined as a moral principle. As determined in many academic studies, for humanity, the long-term prosperity and ease the situation related with the worlds natural balance and protection of natural resources usage responsibly. 2.2. HISTORY OF SUSTAINABILITY The concept of sustainability used for the first time in 1713 in order to explain economic use of forests by Carl von Carlowitz was put forward by a woodsman, much later it have been translated into English. The first form of sustainability, without consuming the essence of the forest, which grew up just sprinkling the cut, was expected to benefit from that. Todays sustainability thinking is also called three-legged model (triple bottom line / 3BL). The short-form of definition is, Sustainable development of the existence of the people with economic, environmental and social dimensions to the future. Sustainability is a kind of ideology that involves social life to economy, environment and atmosphere; can see the right to intervene, the world, people and life. As the area of interest and interfere with thinking, sustainability has unprecedented coverage area in history ever. In todays world of science is accepted by everyone. Therefore the appreciation of science to sustainability issues are expected to accept from everyone. 2.3. CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY In recent years, there has been significant discussion in the business, academic, and popular press about corporate sustainability. This term is often use in some cases as a same meaning with other terms as especially with sustainable development and corporate social responsibility. In this part of the research, corporate sustainability and the relationship with other terms will be analyze. Sustainability has been defined as economic development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1985). For businesses this includes issues of corporate social responsibility. In other words, corporate sustainability can be identified as meeting the needs of a firms direct and indirect stakeholders like shareholders, clients, employees, pressure groups and committees, without compromising its ability to meet the needs of future stakeholders at the same time. To achieve these objectives, companies must have to take into account and expand their social, environmental and economical capital base while contributing sustainability in the global business area. Recently, companies have become more sensitive to social issues and stakeholders interest to become better corporate citizens. Regarding this, the result for the companies that they should make significant changes for managing their social, environmental and economic impacts. Worlds largest, best-known organizations like Coca Cola, GE, Unilever, Procter Gamble are leading the world economy the way with taking into consideration social and environmental issues. The Corporate Sustainability Model describes the inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes to implement a successful sustainability strategy (Epstein, 2008). For Wilson, sustainable development corporate social responsibility stakeholder theory accountability are the four pillars of corporate sustainability (Wilson, 2003). The contribution of sustainable development to corporate sustainability is two folds. First, it helps to identify the issues that firms must concentrate like social, environmental and economic performance. Second, it provides social objective for companies, governments to work for same aim, ecological, social and economic sustainability. Nevertheless, sustainable development does not provide the important evidence for the reason that firms action should look like (Wilson, 2003). The importance of sustainable development will be examine in detailed in the following heading of the research. Figure 2: The Evolution of Corporate Sustainability DISCIPLINE UNDERLYING CONCEPT CONTRIBUTION TO CORPORATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY Economics Ecology Boundaries of the subject matter and description of a common societal goal. Social Justice CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Ethical arguments as to why corporations should work towards sustainability goals. Moral Philosophy CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY Strategic Management STAKE HOLDER THEORY Business arguments as to why corporations should work towards sustainability goals CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY THEORY Ethical arguments as to why companies shouldreport on sustainability performance. Business Law 2.3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The conceptual idea of sustainable development has become a long-term place. This concept has been formed as a result of many international organizations especially The United Nations intensive works. Especially since 1970, a lot of scientific research and conferences were held both globally, national and local levels. Every new study has contributed to the idea of sustainable development become conceptual. Aforementioned studies should be sort chronologically in this format; i. The World Conservation Strategy-WCS The concept of sustainable development is first used at the World Conservation Strategy. This is the first formulation of sustainability and it is more ecological approach. According to this approach, development policies should have three priorities (Soussan, 1992: 21-24). Soussan, J. G. (1992), Sustainable Development, Environmental Issues in the 1990s, A. M. Mannion and S. R. Bowlby (ed.), John Wiley Sons, West Sussex, England, ss. 21-35. Protection of ecological process. Sustainable use of resources. Preservation of genetic diversity. The World Conservation Strategy (WCS) is more focused on the physical environment.  This approach of WCS has been criticized by the anti-growth. (Soussan, 1992: 24) ii. World Comission on Environment and Development Report- Our Common Future (1987) Brundtland Report was formed in 1983 by the period of the United Nations Secretary Generals request and upon the proposal and headed by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland and the participants from twenty different countries in The World Environment and Development Commission (WCED) and submitted to the United Nations General Assembly in 1987. The most detailed used definition of sustainable development was expressed by WCED report, Our Common Future (1987), as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. iii. United Nations Environment and Development Conference- Rio de Janeiro (1992) United Nations Environment and Development Conference was organized between 3-14 June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with the participation of 178 states. Rio Conference was adopted that Sustainable human development is at the heart of the case, consistent with the nature of every human being, the right to a healthy and productive life. With the Rio Conference, the scope of the sustainable development concept has greatly extended and has gained a place in the multi-disciplinary work area. iv. European Union 5th Action Program (1992) The most significant feature of this work is the first program that accepts local government as a coalition partner. (Hams,1994: 44-46). Hams, Tony (1994), Local Environmental Policies and Strategies after Rio, Local Environmental Policies and Strategies, Julian Agyeman and Bob Evans (ed.), Local Economic and Social Strategy Series, Longman Group Ltd, ss. 23-46. v. The Commission on Sustainable Development (1993) The purpose of the organization committee is implementing the principles which adopted in the conference, to strengthen the integration of environment and development issues for intergovernmental decision-making capacity. vi. The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements-Habitat II (1996) The concept of sustainable development followed in the historical course, The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements-HABITAT II had an important role. Istanbul Declaration and Habitat Agenda have both adopted in the Habitat II and the concept of sustainable development with a fairly close relationship between human settlements are discussed in detail. Sustainable development process based for many years before, however, it has been in the worlds agenda, widely after 1987 Brundtland Report and a lot of research, conferencing and meeting topics to be continue to be the subject. Sustainable development, the Brundtland Commission defined differently, although described in different ways by different authors during the 25 years.  There is no doubt that, this identifies the most common and accepted definition as a partner in this field, has described the 1987 Brundtland Report. With the words of Harlem Brundtland (1987) sustainable development refers a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation. This comprehensive report is published by United Nations. After a long period of study, the commission headed by Harlem Brundtland published Our New Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland, 1987). Coverage of the report was almost unique by its comprehensiveness; it covered numerous serious global issues like food security, population pressures and human resources, energy supply alternatives, species and ecosystem protection, industrial production and efficiency and peace security issues (WEC, 2001). According to the report, by over-exploiting resources societies may damage their capability to meet the needs of their future generations. The report noticed that, until recently, interventions of human society on environment were small in scale and their impact was limited. However, parallel to industrial and demographic trends observed in recent decades, these interventions have become more constitutional in scale and impact. Sustainable development is a concept that includes society, environment and development and all matters related to complex relationships with each other. In other words, sustainable development is a way of upgrading economic growth and the level of welfare with protecting the environment and quality of life of all people on earth. Increasing world population and its consumption rate, with rapid development in technology in the industry for increased production and environmental pollution hazards has led to the destruction of natural resources. In fact, until the middle of 20th century, the definition of sustainable development covers only environmentalism and nature preserve. The relationship between humans and the environment has always been throughout history, will continue to be. Especially 19  century industrial revolution which occurred in 19th century, these relationships have increased even more and human activities found more damaging for the nature. This fact has not escaped the attention of scientists and in this field has revealed the need for measures to be taken. Starting establishing in the late 19th century early 20th century of some associations and ongoing community of human natures the main objective was to prevent these losses. 2.4. THE ROLE OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Become the most important actors in the globalized world, multinational companies can be defined as companies that have operations in several countries and provider of benefits from international manufacturing (Aribogan, 1996). The term multinational corporations first occurred in 1960 Lilienthal used it to imply to such corporationswhich have their home in one country but which operate and live under the laws and regulations of other countries at the same time.(Kobrin, 2002) When we look at the period 1970-2000, massive growth of multinational corporation activities can be seen. In 1970 only 7000 Multinational Enterprises were existed in worldwide. In 2000 this score picked up to with 63,000 parent firms to totally 690,000. (UNCTAD,2000). Multinational enterprises have been expanding not only numerically also financially. Total sales of the largest 100 multinational enterprises increased from $3,2 trillion to almost $8,4 trillion (World Resources Institute, 2003). As a result, due to their power and capacity, multinational companies usually can affect the domestic policy of host developing countries. Sustainable Development can not be ignored in studies about management science and theory. (Galdwin et al.,1995). Over the last few years, the number of articles and projects about global implications of sustainable development has significantly increased (Banerjee, 2002). Because of increasing ratios of academic researches, debates abound among the basic players in the economy is multinational companies. These enterprises operate worldwide and they are strictly committed to foreign direct investment (Mclntyre, et al,2009). Multinational companies play a significant role in the generation of sustainable development strategies. Multinationals inflict dynamic and complicated strategic processes that consolidate social phenomena in different ways like social, economic, cultural and legal aspects of these phenomena influence each other (Mclntyre, et al,2009). Through to the incredible increase of knowledge related with sustainable development strategies and growing importance of multinational companies, it is necessary to review last few years research process. In a global context multinational enterprises had an slightly increasing importance till these years. Many studies have examined the role and importance of Multinational Enterprises in sustainable development in developing and underdeveloped countries. These studies identified that a variety of economical, social, political and legal situations in the host country may pick up or slow down the progress of sustainable development process. For instances, researchers highlight that multinational enterprises have a crucial role at the beginning of this process because they are decision-makers in countries. On the other hand, environmentalists are generally dejected the addition values of Multinational Enterprises especially about protecting the natural environment in host developing countries (Gafaru, 2006). Because of their exigent need for employment occasion, many low-income countries are usually obliged to organize their regulations about environment flexible, to attract foreign investors. According to Gafaru, developing countries are likely to be a haven for pollution intensive industries of Multinational enterprises. Rasiah (1999) also pointed that, the reason of the inferior machinery transferring from multinational firms to Malaysia is the countrys incompetent and lower environmental standards and regulations. Likewise, Blackman and Wu (1998) obtained important reinforcement. They claimed that foreign investment in electricity formation in China increased energy performance and reduced perilous emissions. Neoliberal researchers claim that multinational companies are the key issue to success sustainable development with transfer of new and innovative technologies. Technological development is a significant element for conserving the natural environment because development of technology may help in the manufacture of products which are environmentally-friendly to use. However, the current global trade and investment policies do not require from multinational firms to create new, modern and environmentally-friendly technologies in host countries (Gafaru, 2006) 2.5. IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABILITY There are four main reasons why sustainability has an urgent attention for these years; Regulations Community Relations Cost and Revenue obligations Societal and Moral imperatives Government regulations and industry codes of conduct involve that firms must increasingly address sustainability. On the other way, the general society and activist are becoming increasingly aware of sustainability and impacts to society and the environment. A good performance on sustainability has a positive effect on improving community relations and business performance. Sustainability can also create financial value for the corporation through developed incomes and lower expenses. In other words, managing sustainability is definitely a perfect business decision. Societal and moral imperatives have an impact on environment and for this reason companies have a responsibility to manage sustainability. An individual interest for social and environmental impacts and their social and moral imperatives has led companies to include sustainability in their strategies. (Epstein, 2008) 2.6. SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING Sustainability reporting is the implementation of being responsible to internal and external stakeholders as related to the corporate performance measurement explanations with the aim of sustainable development goals. Sustainability reporting is a broad term used synonym with Corporate Responsibility Reporting that is also used to identify economic, environmental and social impact reporting . In a sustainability report, the reporting of sustainability performance assessment of institutions should be balanced with both positive and negative contributions. Sustainability Reports are generated by GRI (Global Reporting Initiative ) Reporting framework and cover reporting period that have the institutions commitment, strategy and management approach that has emerged in the context of the implications. In other words, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a network-based organization that has pioneered the development of the worlds most commonly used sustainability  reporting framework and is committed to its continuous  improvement and application worldwide. (www.globalreporting.org). From the beginning of GRI in 1997, it has developed in over 70 countries. The main reason of this growth is admittedly a bounce of the coming age of sustainability reporting. In ten years over 1000 companies announce the use of the GRI Guidelines in their sustainability reports. According to King, sustainability reporting has become critical for companies. It is important for companies to build the trust and confidence of its stakeholders. Basis and Guides ve Sector Effects Framework of Report Standard Explanations What to Report? How to report? Problems Figure 3: The Framework of GRI Reporting Consequently, GRI reporting has a significant importance for the companies because it provides to evaluate the sustainability performance with laws, rules, regulations, performance standards and voluntary interventions. It is also important to show how the company affect the expectations about sustainable development and how effected. Multinationals use GRI for comparison the performance in the company and with different institutions

gregory peck :: essays research papers

Gregory Peck, the well remembered actor, began his acting career in the 1940’s, People loved him and respected him on and off the stage. Not only was he a talented man, he was also very generous and deeply involved in politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of this great actor began on April 15, 1916 in La Jolla, California (Fishgall insert). The name Gregory had been a family name, but Bunny, Peck’s mother, did not find this quite suitable for her son. She searched through her yearbook and chose the name Eldred. Her new baby boy was to be named Eldred Gregory Peck (Fishgall 23). Three years later, Peck’s parents, Gregory Pearl Peck and Bunny Peck, filed for divorce (Avery 143). After the divorce of his parents, he was sent off to live with his grandmother, Catherine (Fishgall 31). Over the next couple of years, he was forced to separate his time between his mom, dad, and grandmother (Avery 133).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peck’s love for the movies came early in his life. As a young boy, he stumbled upon the making of a film. He says it was one of the most memorable experiences he’s ever had (Fishgall 29, 30). In the fifth grade, Peck performed in his first play, not knowing there would be many more to come. It was called â€Å"Pandora’s Box†, based on the Greek myth (Fishgall 31). Peck would not return to the stage until college.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While in high school, although being shy, he participated in sports and various organizations. He was a member of San Diego High School’s rowing and football teams, and also took part in the glee club called Walter (Pop) Reyer. â€Å"If you could hit a few notes, you were in. I tried never to be heard,† Peck recalled (Jones 2). After growing eleven inches between the ages of fifteen and seventeen, he was a skinny and gawky six   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hilley 2 foot two inches tall teenager. This of course not convincing himself he was attractive in any way. One man remembers, â€Å"He had dark black hair that he kept perfectly combed. He wore a lot of pastel colors in those days and was quite sought after by the opposite sex† (Fishgall 36). Secretly, Peck idolized the star of the varsity football team, praising and looking up to anything that he did. He said, â€Å"I was too shy to speak to him, but I used to watch him, admire everything that he did, and glow over his triumphs† (Fishgall 35)

Consider the marriage proposals in Essay

Consider the marriage proposals in â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† and what we learned about the characters and the early 19th Century society in which they lived in. During â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† there are six examples of marriage proposals to consider. Throughout this essay I am going to be commenting on the proposals between Mr Darcy and Lizzie the first time, Mr Collins and Lizzie, Mr Collins and Charlotte as well as Mr Bingley and Jane, Wickham and Lydia and the second proposal of Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Whilst looking at these proposals I will also be analysing the aspects of Love, Money, the relative status and class and the views of others, which might have influence within these proposals. The first proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Mr Darcy proposed to Lizzie in Kent at Mr Collins and Charlotte’s house when Lizzie was visiting them for a few weeks and Mr Darcy was staying with Lady Catherine De Bourgh, his aunt. Mr Darcy and Lizzie were first acquainted with one another at Netherfield’s, which is the neighbouring estate to Longbourne, Lizzie’s family house. They met at a ball, which was held by the new lodger Mr Bingley at Netherfield’s, and Mr Darcy was there as a friend of Mr Bingley’s who hosting the ball for his new arrival to the village. Lizzie and Darcy didn’t get on at first as Lizzie thought he was arrogant and unsociable. But Mr Darcy’s dislike for Lizzie gradually grew to love for her. It seems that the continuation of this dislike was all a cover for his real feelings as he did not want to love or marry a woman who was beneath him in every state, money and status and especially the views of others would of discouraged him to act upon his feelings for Lizzie as he was thought of as much more superior to Lizzie and her family and at that time it was thought of as wrong or unheard of to marry someone beneath you. Mr Darcy did not only hide his feelings from Lizzie he also tried to hide them from himself. Mr Darcy gets to a stage where he cant avoid his feelings for Lizzie anymore so he decides to act upon them because Lizzie is so beneath him he assumes that Lizzie will have no other option but to accept his proposal as he feels that she can’t resist him as he has enough money and class to set her up for life. Mr Darcy says to Lizzie. â€Å"In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings for you cannot be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.† However to Mr Darcy’s surprise Lizzie refuses his proposal as she will only marry for love and she doesn’t love Mr Darcy and she also is outraged with Mr Darcy at the insults towards her family. Just before the proposal Lizzie also found out that Mr Darcy had separated her sister and her love, Mr Bingley by persuading him to move back to London, which infuriates Lizzie even more. Lizzie says to Mr Darcy. â€Å"You are mistaken, Mr Darcy, if you suppose that he mode of your declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentlemen like manner.† This quotation showed how much Lizzie really despised him at that moment in time by questioning his gentlemen like manner, which was a big thing for men in those days. The second proposal I am going to look at is Mr Collin’s to Lizzie. Mr Collin’s proposed to Lizzie at Longbourne, the family estate. Mr Collins was a clergyman to Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Mr Collins asked Lizzie to marry him as Lady Catherine De Bourgh requested him too and as he is a clergyman he is expected to marry. Mr Collin’s also wants to marry her for the sake of her family, as Mr Collin’s is the closest male relative to Mr Bennet being his cousin, which meant that when Mr Bennet died Mr Collin’s would inherit Longbourne estate and Mrs Bennet and the girls would be kicked out of their own house so by marrying Lizzie they would become a proper family meaning he wouldn’t have to kick the rest of the Bennet family out. Mr Collins goes into the kitchen to talk to Lizzie. Lizzie knows Mr Collin’s will try and propose to her so she tries to get out of being alone with him but Mrs Bennet orders Lizzie to stay and talk to Mr Collins. Mr Collins tries to get Lizzie’s attention but Lizzie is trying desperately not to acknowledge him. â€Å"Believe me, my dear Miss Elizabeth, that your modesty so far from doing you any disserve, rather adds to your perfections.† Mr Collins takes Lizzie’s resistance the wrong way as he thinks Lizzie is trying to be modest where as Lizzie is actually trying to get out of this proposal before Mr Collin’s makes anymore a fool of himself. Even still Mr Collins carries on with the proposal assuming that Lizzie will accept his hand in marriage. Lizzie then says after much need for an answer. † You are too hasty- you forget I have made no answer.† Lizzie has become very irritated by Mr Collins at this stage, but Mr Collins is still not happy with this answer so he goes to find Mrs Bennet. Mr Collins explains the situation to Mrs Bennet and she is furious with Lizzie for turning down his marriage proposal and tries to reassure Mr Collins that she will change her mind. â€Å"Lizzie shall be brought to reason. I will speak to her about it myself directly. She is a very headstrong foolish girl and does not know her own interest, but I will make her know it.† This quotation shows how infuriated Mrs Bennet is with Lizzie as she turned down such an opportunity. Mrs Bennet is a very shallow woman as she wants her daughters married off as soon as possible because in those days it was thought the sooner all your daughters were married the better they were brought up or the more successful mother you had been. Mrs Bennet speaks to Lizzie about it but she is persistent she doesn’t want to marry Mr Collins, as she does not love him, she doesn’t have any affection for him. Mrs Bennet talks to Mr Bennet about the proposal to try and get Lizzie to marry Mr Collin’s but Mr Bennet is also against the wedding. In this proposal money doesn’t really play a part as Lizzie and Mr Collins are of about the same wealth. Love plays no role, as neither of them loves another although Mr Collin’s has great affection for Lizzie. Status plays a minuet role as Mr Collins has contacts, which are high up in society, but this is not enough for Lizzie. The views of others plays the biggest role in this proposal as Mr Collins only looked for a wife in the first place as he was told to be his patron, Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Mrs Bennet also was for the wedding, as she wanted her daughter to be married. The third proposal is Mr Collins to Charlotte. Mr Collins proposes to Charlotte as he wanted a wife and was turned down by Lizzie. He wants a wife because his patron, Lady Catherine De Bourgh requested him to get one, who is not too rich or pretty just a nice friendly woman who she can get along with and invite over for tea or dinner. After the refusal from Lizzie Mr Collins felt awkward staying with the Bennet’s so when he was invited to stay with Charlotte and her family who was Lizzie’s best friend he jumped at the chance. Charlotte was very happy about the new arrangements, as she was 27 years old and not married so in those days she was considered as ‘ on the shelf ‘ which meant this could be her last chance of marriage. Mr Collins proposed to Charlotte at Lucas Lodge, her family home. Charlotte accepted without any hesitation and couldn’t wait to make her news known. She went to tell her best friend, Lizzie first but Lizzie didn’t approve, as she knew her friend did not love him but Charlotte aired her opinions to her. â€Å"I am not romantic, you know, I never was I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr Collin’s character, connections and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast when entering the marriage state.† This quotation proves that Charlotte did not marry Mr Collins for love she married him for security. Lizzie is not satisfied with this but congratulates her still. When Mrs Bennet hears the news doesn’t believe it as she still thinks Mr Collins still wants to marry Lizzie. † God Lord! Sir William, how can you tell such a story? Do you not know that Mr Collin’s wants to marry Lizzie.† Mrs Bennet is very upset that Mr Collin’s has got engaged to Charlotte rather than Lizzie. In this proposal love doesn’t play any role for either of them and status doesn’t as they are of about the same class although Mr Collin’s has higher society connections than Charlotte. Money doesn’t influence the marriage, as there are both of about the same wealth where as the influence of others does as he is told be his patrons to find a wife. The next proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Bingley to Jane. Mr Bingley and Jane where a love match from the beginning of the book, when Mr Bingley moved into Netherfields, the neighbouring estate to Longbourne. Their love was blossoming until his best friend Mr Darcy talked Mr Bingley as he felt it was in his best interest. But Mr Bingley and Jane were united again when Mr Darcy saw the error of his ways, thanks to Lizzie Jane’s sister. The proposal took place in Longbourne estate. Mr Bingley after a few visits since after moving back asks Jane to take his hand in marriage however the actual proposal is not written in the book. Jane is ecstatic about the news and tells Lizzie. â€Å"I am certainly the most fortunate creature that ever existed! Oh Lizzy, why am I thus singled from my family, and blessed above them all! If I could but see you as happy!† This quotation shows how happy Jane is about the marriage but it also shows even though she is so happy she is still sparing thought for her family, as she wants them to be as happy as she is. In this proposal love plays a very big role as that is what drives the relationship forward to marriage, status doesn’t play a role although Mr Bingley is of a much higher class than Jane I think their love for each other conquers this. Money doesn’t play a role in this, as Jane isn’t interested in his money even though he has much more wealth than her. The influence of others does help them as everyone is for the marriage as they can see the true love between them. After Mr Bingley has left Jane speaks to her father about the marriage. â€Å"Jane I congratulate you. You will be a very happy woman.† This quotation proves the support for the wedding from Jane’s family and it also proves that Mr Bennet has great admiration for Mr Bingley. The next proposal I am going to analyse is Wickham and Lydia. Lydia and Wickham run away together. Wickham is only interested in Lydia because he had been turned down by many woman as they realised he was only after their wealth but with Lydia it is different she doesn’t have any money. He run away with Lydia because he wanted someone young he could have a good time with. But when Mr Gardiner, Lydia’s uncle asked him, to marry her he accepted as Mr Gardiner offered to pay off all his debts if he married her as it would redeem some respect towards them from others as they would be married. Mr Gardiner wrote to Mr Bennet to tell him what had happened, later Mr Bennet talked to Jane about the situation. â€Å"Yes, yes, they must marry. There is nothing else to be done. But there are two things that I want to know: one, how much money your uncle has laid down to bring it about; and the other, how I am I ever to pay him.† This quotation shows that Mr Bennet thinks marriage is the right thing to do but is very concerned about how he shall pay back the money to Mr Gardiner. In this proposal love doesn’t play a role for Wickham as he doesn’t feel any consideration or affection for Lydia but I think Lydia loves Wickham and is perhaps naive enough to think that he loves her back. Money plays a huge role for Wickham as he is only going to marry Lydia for the money he is going to receive from her uncle, which will pay off all his debts it also means that he will be related to Jane and Lizzie who are married to very wealthy men. Status and the views of others play no role for either of them as they ran away together regardless of what other people thought. The last proposal I am going to look at is the second proposal between Mr Darcy and Lizzie. After the refusal of his last proposal Darcy has done all he can to get back into Lizzie’s good books. He got Mr Bingley and Jane back together after separating them. Mr Darcy was also really hurt by Lizzie’s remark to him after she refused his hand in marriage. † Had you behaved in a more gentlemen like manner.† This hurt Mr Darcy as he felt he was a perfect gentlemen but when he looked back at how he behaved towards Lizzie and her family he realised he had behaved appallingly. However Mr Darcy still felt the same about Lizzie he even felt he loved her more and he now thought that nothing else mattered so he decided he would ask Lizzie for her hand in marriage again. Mr Darcy went to visit Lizzie as his aunt, Lady Catherine De Bourgh had come to see her and warn her off from marrying Mr Darcy although Lizzie didn’t intend too as she thought all feelings for her from Mr Darcy were over by then. Lady Catherine De Bourgh tried to stop Lizzie from marrying Mr Darcy. â€Å"You are determined to ruin him in the opinion of all his friends, and him the contempt of the world.† Lizzie was agitated at such a comment as she had no intention in marrying Mr Darcy as she had not spoken to Mr Darcy for months but this made her think about her real feelings for Darcy, she discovered that from hate she had started to like Mr Darcy even love him. Mr Darcy proposed to Lizzie on a lane outside her house. Lizzie accepted his proposal and showed remorse for how she treated him in the past. Mr Darcy was overwhelmed by her answer. â€Å"The happiness which this reply was such as he had probably never felt before, and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do!† This quotation shows how strongly Mr Darcy felt for Lizzie, as he was so happy from her acceptance in his hand of marriage. Lizzie was so excited by the marriage that she went and told her family straight away. She spoke to Mr Bennet and he wasn’t so sure if Lizzie loved Mr Darcy as it wasn’t so long ago she hated him, he wanted to make sure that Lizzie wasn’t marrying him for his or her mother’s sake. â€Å"My child let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life. You know not what you are about.† This quotation is basically Mr Bennet saying to Lizzie that it might be great at the moment but make sure you still will feel the same way in the later future as he is saying that he doesn’t want her to end up like him not respecting his partner, Mrs Bennet. This shows how protective Mr Bennet is over Lizzie, as he only wants her to marry if she is sure it is the right thing to do. In this proposal love plays a big role as it alimented all the other aspects as they loved each other so much in the end that it didn’t matter how much money they had, what status they were and they definitely didn’t care what other people thought about the marriage especially as Mr Darcy was disowned by his aunt Lady Catherine De Bourgh due to his marriage to Lizzie. But Mr Bennet and the family where very pleased for Lizzie as they knew it was for love. Lizzie and Jane had a joint wedding, which made it more special for both of them. In the 19th Century marriage was thought of as a must for women and if you were over the age of 26 years old you were considered as ‘on the shelf’, which made it hard for woman to get married over that age. There were also many issues that a woman had to think about before they got married, whether they were in love which wasn’t a major issue but it was though of as a bonus if they were. Money and status played a huge role in deciding who to marry, rich men went for women of the same class or a bit higher which made it difficult for woman of a lower class or without much wealth to marry a wealthier or higher classed man. It was thought of as unethical to marry someone beneath you in any state. The influence of others played a big role in those days as people were put under a lot of pressure to get married as soon as possible and to someone higher up the society ladder. As you can see the attitudes to marriage in the 19th Century in which these characters lived in is very different to the attitudes in which we live in today.